Text 2

More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial insitutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.

It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers.

Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.

For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.

Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.

All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company’s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.

26It is implied in the third paragraph that .
A. most computer criminals who are caught have only to have only to blame their bad luck
B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem
C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes
D. many more computer crimes go undetected than those discovered

27Which of the following is mentioned in the passage？
A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.
B. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.
C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.
D. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information

28What may happen to computer criminals once they are set free without being charged？
A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs.
B. They may walk away and easily find another jobs.
B. They will be denied access to confidential records.
D. They must leave the country or go to jail.

29The passage is mainly about .
A. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment
B. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections
C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers
D. why computer crimes can’t be eliminated

30. Which of the following results that the computer criminals might get is different from other lawbreakers?
A. To be driven out of the country.B. To become a prisoner.
C. To commit suicide.D. To be recommended somewhere else.

Text 3

Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rainforest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.

An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet’s dominant, most distinctive feature——the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy onethird of the Earth’s surface. Given that twothirds of the Earth’s surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total threedimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.

The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world’s rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.

To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.

31.What is the main point of the passage?
A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.
B. There are thousands of insect species.
C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.
D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.

32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs (lines 4~6) ?
A. They are approximately the same size. B. They share many similar species.
C. Most of their inhabitants require water. D. Both have many different forms of life.

33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .
A. insects B. bacteria
C. mammals D. birds

34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because .
A. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea
B. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions
C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories
D. marine lifeforms reproduce at a faster rate

35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?
A.Ocean life in highly adaptive.
B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.
C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.

Text 4

Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the communitys moral precepts. Adults also condition each others observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapores use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fays punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.

The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.

In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.

In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.

36. The best title of this passage would be .
A Crime and Punishment
B Reward and Punishment
C Social Order
D Two Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca

37. According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?
A Children must be obedient to their parents.
B People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.
C People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.
D People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.

38. What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?
A Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.
B The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.
C The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.
D Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.

39. What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?
A To stop giving them pocket money.
B To persuade them in a gentle way.
C To verbally humiliate them.
D To threaten to expel them from the home.

40. The word “stigma” (fourth paragraph) most probably means .
A ironyB verbal abuseC persuasionD bad reputation